The Influence of Confucianism in “Journey to the West”

I. Introduction

“Journey to the West” (西遊記), written by Wu Cheng’en in the 16th century, is one of the four great classical novels of Chinese literature. The epic tale narrates the pilgrimage of Tang monk Xuanzang as he travels to India to obtain Buddhist scriptures, accompanied by his three disciples: the Monkey King, Pigsy, and Sandy. The story is rich in adventure, allegory, and spiritual insight, making it a cornerstone of Chinese cultural heritage.

Confucianism, founded by Confucius during the 5th century BCE, emphasizes morality, proper social relationships, and justice. Its core principles include filial piety, righteousness, loyalty, and the importance of education. This article aims to explore how Confucian values and teachings are woven into the fabric of “Journey to the West,” shaping its characters and themes.

II. Historical Context of Confucianism in Chinese Society

Confucianism rose to prominence during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) and became the dominant ideology in Chinese society for centuries. Its influence permeated various aspects of life, including politics, education, and family structure. Here are some key points about its historical context:

• The rise of Confucianism during the Han Dynasty: Emperors adopted Confucian principles to govern, establishing it as the state philosophy.
• Influence on cultural and social norms: Confucian thought shaped family dynamics, emphasizing respect for elders and the importance of education.
• Role in moral and ethical frameworks: Confucianism provided a basis for ethical behavior, guiding individuals in their personal and social conduct.

III. Key Confucian Themes in “Journey to the West”

“Journey to the West” reflects several key Confucian themes that highlight the importance of moral integrity and social harmony:

• The importance of filial piety and respect for authority: Xuanzang’s quest emphasizes the duty of discipleship and reverence for spiritual teachers.
• The concept of moral self-cultivation and personal development: Characters undergo significant growth, striving to improve their moral character.
• The significance of harmony and social order: The interactions among the group demonstrate the necessity of cooperation and mutual respect.

IV. Character Analysis: The Monk Xuanzang as a Confucian Hero

The character of Xuanzang embodies many Confucian virtues, making him a quintessential Confucian hero. His journey is not merely a physical one but also a moral and spiritual quest.

• Xuanzang’s quest for knowledge and enlightenment: His determination to obtain the scriptures symbolizes the pursuit of wisdom.
• Embodiment of Confucian virtues: Xuanzang exemplifies benevolence, righteousness, and wisdom, guiding his companions with moral integrity.
• Role of leadership and moral integrity: As a leader, Xuanzang’s adherence to Confucian principles inspires loyalty and respect among his disciples.

V. The Role of Companions: Monkey King, Pigsy, and Sandy

The companions of Xuanzang—Sun Wukong (the Monkey King), Zhu Bajie (Pigsy), and Sha Wujing (Sandy)—each represent different aspects of Confucian ideals:

• Diverse representation of Confucian ideals: Each character reflects various virtues and flaws, showcasing the complexity of human nature.
• Interactions reflecting community and cooperation: Their dynamic illustrates the importance of teamwork and mutual support in achieving common goals.
• Growth and transformation through Confucian influences: The companions evolve, learning from Xuanzang’s teachings and developing their moral character.

VI. Confucianism vs. Other Philosophical Traditions in the Text

“Journey to the West” also engages with Daoism and Buddhism, creating a rich tapestry of philosophical exploration:

• Comparison with Daoism and Buddhism: While Confucianism focuses on social harmony, Daoism emphasizes naturalness and spontaneity, and Buddhism stresses enlightenment.
• Synthesis of Confucianism with other philosophies: Characters often embody a blend of Confucian ethics with Buddhist spiritual goals, enhancing their development.
• Balance between Confucian ethics and spiritual pursuits: The narrative illustrates how ethical behavior and spiritual enlightenment can coexist and complement one another.

VII. Legacy of Confucianism in Chinese Literature and Culture

The impact of “Journey to the West” extends beyond its narrative, influencing subsequent literary works and cultural expressions:

• Influence on literary works: The novel has inspired countless adaptations, retellings, and artistic interpretations throughout history.
• Enduring relevance of Confucian values: Confucian teachings continue to resonate in contemporary Chinese culture, emphasizing moral integrity and social responsibility.
• Role in teaching Confucian principles: “Journey to the West” serves as a vehicle for imparting Confucian values to future generations, making them accessible and relatable.

VIII. Conclusion

The interplay between Confucianism and “Journey to the West” enriches the narrative, offering profound insights into moral philosophy and human relationships. Through the characters’ journeys and transformations, the novel not only entertains but also educates, highlighting the significance of Confucian values in fostering personal growth and social harmony. As readers explore this classic text, they are invited to reflect on the enduring relevance of Confucian teachings in their own lives and societies.